ory of

PC)

ord processing, Web browsing, e-mail, spreadsheets, databases

and computer game

microprocessor

MS-DO

isk Operating Syste

Windows 3

copies sold

widespread

Windows 9

improved version

Windows

nterne

Windows Millenni

multimedia

WI

WINDOWS

32-bit o

arge memory and

hard drives,

indows 2000

ot i

ome computers

s XP

omputers and workstations.

indows Aero.

unctionality a

formanc

icrosoft Metro.

Windows 20

Plug and Play

Windows

opies sold

Windows

NT 10

WINDOWS SERV

etwork cards and cable

haring directories, disks and printe

-mail and instant messaging functionalit

network operating

server

ocal area network,

Server 200

ctive Directory,

resources

local area network

odernizing o

premise

a centers,

workloads

zure public cloud

ano Server

Container services

torage,

Security and Administration

Hybrid Cloud, Security, Application Platform

Hyper-Converged Infrastructure (HCI)

ser applications a

ystem

software.

end us

ow-level

communication

ftware application

hardware devi

rogram code

emporary storage

emor

olid-state drives,

torage media

nput/output

keyboard, mouse and screen.

cessor exe

l

unit

imultaneously

hard disk

solid-state disk.

put/output

CENTRAL TASKS

Managing user applications

Manage data system

Manage programs

Take care

put and output

applications and hardware

omputer memory

e file system.

networking

Operating system

Hardwar

Hardware equipment

ivers. Th

loaded i

Data security

computer technology,

WINDOWS AP

API

Application Program Interface

CD,

WriteFi

data to a file.

CreateProce

process

SetFoc

bjec

EndDialo

dialog box

-bit a

4-bit a

Administration and managemen

Diagnosi

Graphics and multimedi

Networ

Security

ystem services

• Windows user interfa

gram

raphics and

ultimedia s

twork p

Remote Procedure Call

(RPC

Network Management Protoc

l (SNMP).

NET FRAMEWOR

APIs) an

ibrary of cod

Common

Language Runtime

CLR)

#, C++, F#

Visual Basic

OBJECTS AND HANDLE

imilar to

bjects

bject-oriented programming.

objects,

GDI Objects) a

Kernel objects

emory management, process execution and communication

mes of system

esources and data

rotect resource

eep track of dat

ointer

WINDOWS RUNS IN TWO MOD

User Mod

Kernel Mo

ead

ory of operating

stem

rogram

a function is a piece of code in

tine i

rogram is run

broutine

Windows API f

Native System Service

Kernel functions

• Windows service

Dynamic Link Librarie

ernel mod

address f

Dynamic Link Libraries (DLLs)

UNICO

CII (

erican

Standard Code for Information Interchang

ARCHITECTUR

WINDOW

Extensibility

ransferabilit

3. Reliability and robustnes

4. Compatibili

Performance

Windows NT

MS-DOS.

STRUCTURE OF WINDO

User Applications

s

er mode

yste

ernel mode

evice

drivers, the kernel and HAL.

USER MO

ritical alter

data

indows API

KERNEL MOD

hardware a

system resources.

Executive servic

Drive

Hardware Layer (HAL

Graphical User Interface (GU

WINDOWS E

EXECUTIVE SERVICE

toskrnl.exe

Object Manager

• Configuration Manager

• Process and thread Manager

• Input/output Manager

• Installation and configuration Manager

• Memory Manager

• Cache Manage

• Power Manage

THE KERN

rdware Layer (HAL) an

he processo

ernel.

puter’s

ernel has full access

mory to

emor

ut/output

ernel receives r

put/output,

evices

ABSTRACTION LAYE

L,

DEVICE DRIVER

mall programs

igher level

hardware devices

File system drivers

put/output t

ter drivers pe

ryption

network transfer t

Windows Driver Model (WDM)

CI, PCMCIA and US

ndows Driver Foundation (WDF) si

(GUI) i

YSTEM PROCESS

dle Proces

• Session Manager

• Logon process

• Windows Subsystem

• Service control manage

Idle Process

In computer science

ession Manage

The

indows Logon Process m

trl + Alt + Delete.

The

ervice Control Manager is

SYSTEM MECHANIS

kernel mode

wow64.

INTERRUPT

CD

US

nterrupts

asynchronous event,

Interrupt signals

EXCEPTION

conditions

ivision by zero

file a

OBJECT MANAGE

eturn handles to objects.

Making

andles t

bject

heck if

bject

Keeping track

Delete objec

32-BIT APPLICATION

A 64-BIT OPERATING SYSTE

oW64 sub

system is

yer in

bit

64-bit syste

WoW64

DLLs t

MECHANISM

DATA

MANAGEME

THE REGISTR

rarchical database t

ious settings

operating syste

tem settings use

plications installed o

yout of Windows

o different equipment.

at boot time.

oot Process).

rnel Boot Process)

ONFIGURATION MANAGE

onfiguration Manager

Proces

tart a program

Thre

d

unit of cod

Fibe

read, a

ightweight

Job

group processes t

PROCESS

The static part

• The dynamic part

c part of

eral threads. The

ic part of a

A process i

ontainer

memory w

resources required

address space con

ecutable program

unique process ID u

e of the process.

t time for the proc

s of the process

multiple

hreads

imultaneously

locked

wait state

ea

ady to be loaded

xecuted in

rocesso

ead status.

Process Descriptor.

FIBER

cheduling mechanis

less suppo

Process

Thread

Fiber

cessor.

JOB

B

b is an objec

PROCESS MANAG

processes and threads.

parameters and characteristics

ocesses and thread

put and output.

dresses in the memory

MULTITASKIN

Cooperative multitasking

Preemptive multitasking.

Clipboard

ransfer data f

pplication

File Mappin

anage the content

Pipe

ple model

buffer.

nonymous Pipes

ynchroniz

Threads that cooperate.

Threads competing for a resource.

HREADS COOPERATI

THREADS COMPETIN

messy print

HeHillo

r

esource

C

RITICAL REGIO

MUTUAL EXCLUSI

synchronization

SEMAPHO

se

hreads can access

screen

not in us

One thread

aphores. S

eadlock.

MUTE

synchronization mechanism

Semaphor

zero and one

utex a

Keyed Event

Spinlock

• Fast Mutex

Push locks

Keyed Even

annot read

annot writ

heck the event

Spinloc

inning) u

Queued Spinlock ha

Fast Mutex

Guarded Mutex

t Mutex a

etter performa

n bypass normal process

Push locks

indows Server

2003

little space

ONE PROCESS

Processor schedulin

ead is finished, fo

urce to continue,

ve the processor vo

erval i

process planning

erver in

network

ingle PC

PC

VOLUNTA

INVOLUNTARY

SHARING OF THE PROCESS

Non-preemptive algorithms

Preemptive algorithms

NON-PREEMPTIVE

llest job first

Priority process

Deadline process p

is first p

first stra

Priority process scheduling m

deadline process planning

Round Rob

Queues

different priorities

Foreground

ackground processe

nd Robin is t

Quantum.

• In

any jobs

react to events as quickly as

f

l-time systems is

CONTEXT SWITCHI

cessor is fini

higher priority ha

multiple registers

UANT

MS-DO

multitasking, a

process manager.

reemptiv

ority level of the thread

ority class of the process

LE_PRIORITY_CLA

LA

NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS

REALTIME_PRIORITY_CLAS

MULTIPLE PROCESSOR

ne processor,

omputer spee

ncreased every year.

good performan

hreads

MULTI-CORE PROCESSO

Interconnected computer

clusters of comput

erating system,

Master-Slave mod

aster

lave

bottleneck, a

Equivalent processor

SMP (Symmetric MultiProcessing)

Mutex

MP,

4 MULTIPLE PROCESSORS

SYNCHRONIZATIO

Spi

one processor,

Timesharin

Space-sharin

ang.

timesharing

lices together.

pace-sharing

nteractive tasks.

MULTIPROCESSING

ymmetric multiprocessing system

SMP)

32 processors

64-bit versions

64 processors

Hyper threadin

Non-uniform Memory Access (NUM

Hyper threadin

NUMA systems

NUMA

DEADLOC

read 1

esource t

anner

ttempting

pting to access the scanner.

DVD

Deadlock in

atabas

loses some data

oses some other data

networ

Communication deadlo

Process B

Starvation i

deadlo

tual exclusion cond

ition

old and wait condition

Non-preemptive

move the

allocating resourc

onditions

deadlocks

d remove th

m

estore through

esources are allocated

r conditions

al exclusion co

d and wait con

-preemptive co

ular wait

tual exclusion c

conditio

non-preemptive c

Driver Verifier i

pinlocks

MEMORY MANAGEMEN

o free memory

puter performance,

dresses in

SWAPPIN

oaded in

Flat Memory

Paged Memory M

Segmented Memory

Flat Memory Model

linear index

mented Memory Model is

ed Memory Model, b

egmenting

VIRTUAL MEMOR

Memory (RAM)

Hard driv

age-by-page

virtual memory t

MEMORY MANAGEMENT I

Demand-Paged Virtual Memory. This

Cache Manager

irtual addresses

ap files

Win32

Win64

mory Manager in

est component in

THE HEAP MANAG

Dynamic memory allocatio

free hea

indows API fu

HeapCreate

STACK

ortion of the memory

ata structure.

kernel

sta

ack.

MB,

2 K

CACHIN

u

t/output run

temporary storage

CACHE MANAGE

ganization of

emory Manager.

INPUT AND OUTP

memor

uickly

ow process

eyboard

AS disk

SB4

anufacturers.

ommunicatio

Block Device

• Character Devic

Block Devices s

ata in blocks

Character Devices

data as characters

DATA STREAM

Standard input

Standard output

Standard erro

Detect errors

2. Correct mistake

SYNCHRONOU

ASYNCHRONOU

eadLine()

Synchronous I/O

Asynchronous I/

BUFF

POLLIN

register to

INTERRUPT

terrupt system, t

eripheral devices

Direct Memory Access

(DMA) i

hardware subsystems

ys in the memory, s

ded into the memory o

essary.

IORB = Input Output Request Block

A flag i

data is located i

mber of bytes to transfer.

ipheral unit number.

allation and Configuration Manager detec

INPUT/OUTPUT MANAGE

t/output system.

The i

lementation of drivers.

uration of drivers.

cess to hardware

PLUG AND PLAY MANAGE

tomatically detects

allocates resources

THE POWER MANAG

tem’s power usage.

ctricity u

(hibernation

physical memory

Standby Mode,

FILE SYSTEM

ganize

FA

File Allocation Table

S-DOS

AT16,

FAT3

oppy disks,

NT FILE SYSTE

File System (

TFS) is t

NTFS

curity, fault tolerance, encryption, disk compression

safety, reliability, extensibility

and efficiency.

Safe

Reliabilit

Extensibilit

Efficiency

Compressio

NTFS

File name

5 characters long.

Solid State Drive (SSD)

torage device

CD-RO

DVD

ompact Disc File System

CDFS),

DFS

Mac O

NIX systems

niversal Disk Format (UDF).

Blu-ray

STORAGE MANAGEME

drives,

ape drives a

etwork storag

AN (Storage Area Networks

iSCSI

(Internet Small Computer System Interface)

Interconnecting alloca

nked

le Map

dexed allocatio

blocks are free

e blocks

ORGANIZATION OF HARD DISK

Partitio

Volumes

S

epresenting sectors

ingle partiti

Multi-partition

RAID 5 v

Spanned Volu

disk fails,

AID 1 volume

AID 1 v

RAID 5 and RAID 6 v

parity data

Basic Disk

2. Dynamic Dis

xed size

STORING DATA ON SERVER

Networked computers

S

AN (Storage Area Network

iSC

iSCSI

LANs

Local Area Networks)

ANs

(Wide Area Networks

Data Storage

work support, altho

nput/outp

Windows AP

NETWORK SERVIC

Remote Acces

obtain

resources via a network c

tual Private Network (VPN)

Active Directory

manage a local network

indows Server operating

system

SOME NETWORK API

twork APIs

Windows Sockets

as TCP/IP.

Windows Sockets

etwork protocol used

Remote Procedure Ca

RPC) i

Named Pipe

ipe client

pipe server

buffer.

Mailslo

lients) c

Network API

3Com

NDIS (Network Driver Interface Specification),

Transport Driver Interface (TDI)

ansport D

ansport

bout adapters

rs

Data Confidentiality

Data Integrit

3. Access to the syst

Attacks from outsid

authorized access t

nauthorized changes to data in files. This a

Secure logi

Address space defen

Auditing of computer syste

Secure login

trl + Alt + Delete

not allowed.

attempts to log

ogin fail

resources

Security I

a SID (Security ID

curity Descriptor

Security Descriptor

Access to Object

FIDO

DEFENSE AGAINST SPYWAR

Spyware

Microsoft Anti Spyware,

Scanning

2. Real Time pr

rotectio

Real Time Protection

Active

VIRUS PROTECTI

Windows Defender included

indows Defender

THE FIREWALL IN WIND

indows XP Service Pack 2,

WINDOWS UPDAT

Many upgrades

utomatic updates,

system upgrade

WINDOWS CRASHE

HE BLUE SCRE

itical system failure.

ndows 3.11 (19

very extensive.

Storage failu

l Corruption).

Page Fault i

Poor or no power suppl

Error in memor

Errors in hardwar

ardw

USB pe

le system

ory Dump).

omplete

emory Dump

ernel Memory

mall Memory

Sys

ystem - Advanced System S

WORDLIS

Asynchronous I/O

Cac

Cache Manage

Context switchin

Critical Sectio

Device Drive

Executive Servic

Fibe

htweight thread.

Handle

Hardware Abstraction Lay

A hardware layer (HAL

Heap

Inter Process Communicatio

In

terrupt

J

Kerne

Kernel Mod

Mutual Exclusio

resource

Multitaskin

ead is

Object

operating system

system resourc

Paging

Proces

Windo

Processor Scheduling

Quantum

Registry

Schedule

rocess Scheduler,

Synchronizi

Synchronous I/O

Time

Thre

d

User Mo

Virtual Memor

Volume

d drive(s) o