ory of
PC)
ord processing, Web browsing, e-mail, spreadsheets, databases
and computer game
microprocessor
MS-DO
isk Operating Syste
Windows 3
copies sold
widespread
Windows 9
improved version
Windows
nterne
Windows Millenni
multimedia
WI
WINDOWS
32-bit o
arge memory and
hard drives,
indows 2000
ot i
ome computers
s XP
omputers and workstations.
indows Aero.
unctionality a
formanc
icrosoft Metro.
Windows 20
Plug and Play
Windows
opies sold
Windows
NT 10
WINDOWS SERV
etwork cards and cable
haring directories, disks and printe
-mail and instant messaging functionalit
network operating
server
ocal area network,
Server 200
ctive Directory,
resources
local area network
odernizing o
premise
a centers,
workloads
zure public cloud
ano Server
Container services
torage,
Security and Administration
Hybrid Cloud, Security, Application Platform
Hyper-Converged Infrastructure (HCI)
ser applications a
ystem
software.
end us
ow-level
communication
ftware application
hardware devi
rogram code
emporary storage
emor
olid-state drives,
torage media
nput/output
keyboard, mouse and screen.
cessor exe
l
unit
imultaneously
hard disk
solid-state disk.
put/output
CENTRAL TASKS
Managing user applications
Manage data system
Manage programs
Take care
put and output
applications and hardware
omputer memory
e file system.
networking
Operating system
Hardwar
Hardware equipment
ivers. Th
loaded i
Data security
computer technology,
WINDOWS AP
API
Application Program Interface
CD,
WriteFi
data to a file.
CreateProce
process
SetFoc
bjec
EndDialo
dialog box
-bit a
4-bit a
Administration and managemen
Diagnosi
Graphics and multimedi
Networ
Security
ystem services
• Windows user interfa
gram
raphics and
ultimedia s
twork p
Remote Procedure Call
(RPC
Network Management Protoc
l (SNMP).
NET FRAMEWOR
APIs) an
ibrary of cod
Common
Language Runtime
CLR)
#, C++, F#
Visual Basic
OBJECTS AND HANDLE
imilar to
bjects
bject-oriented programming.
objects,
GDI Objects) a
Kernel objects
emory management, process execution and communication
mes of system
esources and data
rotect resource
eep track of dat
ointer
WINDOWS RUNS IN TWO MOD
User Mod
Kernel Mo
ead
ory of operating
stem
rogram
a function is a piece of code in
tine i
rogram is run
broutine
Windows API f
Native System Service
Kernel functions
• Windows service
Dynamic Link Librarie
ernel mod
address f
Dynamic Link Libraries (DLLs)
UNICO
CII (
erican
Standard Code for Information Interchang
ARCHITECTUR
WINDOW
Extensibility
ransferabilit
3. Reliability and robustnes
4. Compatibili
Performance
Windows NT
MS-DOS.
STRUCTURE OF WINDO
User Applications
s
er mode
yste
ernel mode
evice
drivers, the kernel and HAL.
USER MO
ritical alter
data
indows API
KERNEL MOD
hardware a
system resources.
Executive servic
Drive
Hardware Layer (HAL
Graphical User Interface (GU
WINDOWS E
EXECUTIVE SERVICE
toskrnl.exe
Object Manager
• Configuration Manager
• Process and thread Manager
• Input/output Manager
• Installation and configuration Manager
• Memory Manager
• Cache Manage
• Power Manage
THE KERN
rdware Layer (HAL) an
he processo
ernel.
puter’s
ernel has full access
mory to
emor
ut/output
ernel receives r
put/output,
evices
ABSTRACTION LAYE
L,
DEVICE DRIVER
mall programs
igher level
hardware devices
File system drivers
put/output t
ter drivers pe
ryption
network transfer t
Windows Driver Model (WDM)
CI, PCMCIA and US
ndows Driver Foundation (WDF) si
(GUI) i
YSTEM PROCESS
dle Proces
• Session Manager
• Logon process
• Windows Subsystem
• Service control manage
Idle Process
In computer science
ession Manage
The
indows Logon Process m
trl + Alt + Delete.
The
ervice Control Manager is
SYSTEM MECHANIS
kernel mode
wow64.
INTERRUPT
CD
US
nterrupts
asynchronous event,
Interrupt signals
EXCEPTION
conditions
ivision by zero
file a
OBJECT MANAGE
eturn handles to objects.
Making
andles t
bject
heck if
bject
Keeping track
Delete objec
32-BIT APPLICATION
A 64-BIT OPERATING SYSTE
oW64 sub
system is
yer in
bit
64-bit syste
WoW64
DLLs t
MECHANISM
DATA
MANAGEME
THE REGISTR
rarchical database t
ious settings
operating syste
tem settings use
plications installed o
yout of Windows
o different equipment.
at boot time.
oot Process).
rnel Boot Process)
ONFIGURATION MANAGE
onfiguration Manager
Proces
tart a program
Thre
d
unit of cod
Fibe
read, a
ightweight
Job
group processes t
PROCESS
The static part
• The dynamic part
c part of
eral threads. The
ic part of a
A process i
ontainer
memory w
resources required
address space con
ecutable program
unique process ID u
e of the process.
t time for the proc
s of the process
multiple
hreads
imultaneously
locked
wait state
ea
ady to be loaded
xecuted in
rocesso
ead status.
Process Descriptor.
FIBER
cheduling mechanis
less suppo
Process
Thread
Fiber
cessor.
JOB
B
b is an objec
PROCESS MANAG
processes and threads.
parameters and characteristics
ocesses and thread
put and output.
dresses in the memory
MULTITASKIN
Cooperative multitasking
Preemptive multitasking.
Clipboard
ransfer data f
pplication
File Mappin
anage the content
Pipe
ple model
buffer.
nonymous Pipes
ynchroniz
Threads that cooperate.
Threads competing for a resource.
HREADS COOPERATI
THREADS COMPETIN
messy print
HeHillo
r
esource
C
RITICAL REGIO
MUTUAL EXCLUSI
synchronization
SEMAPHO
se
hreads can access
screen
not in us
One thread
aphores. S
eadlock.
MUTE
synchronization mechanism
Semaphor
zero and one
utex a
Keyed Event
Spinlock
• Fast Mutex
Push locks
Keyed Even
annot read
annot writ
heck the event
Spinloc
inning) u
Queued Spinlock ha
Fast Mutex
Guarded Mutex
t Mutex a
etter performa
n bypass normal process
Push locks
indows Server
2003
little space
ONE PROCESS
Processor schedulin
ead is finished, fo
urce to continue,
ve the processor vo
erval i
process planning
erver in
network
ingle PC
PC
VOLUNTA
INVOLUNTARY
SHARING OF THE PROCESS
Non-preemptive algorithms
Preemptive algorithms
NON-PREEMPTIVE
llest job first
Priority process
Deadline process p
is first p
first stra
Priority process scheduling m
deadline process planning
Round Rob
Queues
different priorities
Foreground
ackground processe
nd Robin is t
Quantum.
• In
any jobs
react to events as quickly as
f
l-time systems is
CONTEXT SWITCHI
cessor is fini
higher priority ha
multiple registers
UANT
MS-DO
multitasking, a
process manager.
reemptiv
ority level of the thread
ority class of the process
LE_PRIORITY_CLA
LA
NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS
REALTIME_PRIORITY_CLAS
MULTIPLE PROCESSOR
ne processor,
omputer spee
ncreased every year.
good performan
hreads
MULTI-CORE PROCESSO
Interconnected computer
clusters of comput
erating system,
Master-Slave mod
aster
lave
bottleneck, a
Equivalent processor
SMP (Symmetric Multi-Processing)
Mutex
MP,
4 MULTIPLE PROCESSORS
SYNCHRONIZATIO
Spi
one processor,
Time-sharin
Space-sharin
ang.
timesharing
lices together.
pace-sharing
nteractive tasks.
MULTIPROCESSING
ymmetric multiprocessing system
SMP)
32 processors
64-bit versions
64 processors
Hyper threadin
Non-uniform Memory Access (NUM
Hyper threadin
NUMA systems
NUMA
DEADLOC
read 1
esource t
anner
ttempting
pting to access the scanner.
DVD
Deadlock in
atabas
loses some data
oses some other data
networ
Communication deadlo
Process B
Starvation i
deadlo
tual exclusion cond
ition
old and wait condition
Non-preemptive
move the
allocating resourc
onditions
deadlocks
d remove th
m
estore through
esources are allocated
r conditions
al exclusion co
d and wait con
-preemptive co
ular wait
tual exclusion c
conditio
non-preemptive c
Driver Verifier i
pinlocks
MEMORY MANAGEMEN
o free memory
puter performance,
dresses in
SWAPPIN
oaded in
Flat Memory
Paged Memory M
Segmented Memory
Flat Memory Model
linear index
mented Memory Model is
ed Memory Model, b
egmenting
VIRTUAL MEMOR
Memory (RAM)
Hard driv
age-by-page
virtual memory t
MEMORY MANAGEMENT I
Demand-Paged Virtual Memory. This
Cache Manager
irtual addresses
ap files
Win32
Win64
mory Manager in
est component in
THE HEAP MANAG
Dynamic memory allocatio
free hea
indows API fu
HeapCreate
STACK
ortion of the memory
ata structure.
kernel
sta
ack.
MB,
2 K
CACHIN
u
t/output run
temporary storage
CACHE MANAGE
ganization of
emory Manager.
INPUT AND OUTP
memor
uickly
ow process
eyboard
AS disk
SB4
anufacturers.
ommunicatio
Block Device
• Character Devic
Block Devices s
ata in blocks
Character Devices
data as characters
DATA STREAM
Standard input
Standard output
Standard erro
Detect errors
2. Correct mistake
SYNCHRONOU
ASYNCHRONOU
eadLine()
Synchronous I/O
Asynchronous I/
BUFF
POLLIN
register to
INTERRUPT
terrupt system, t
eripheral devices
Direct Memory Access
(DMA) i
hardware subsystems
ys in the memory, s
ded into the memory o
essary.
IORB = Input Output Request Block
A flag i
data is located i
mber of bytes to transfer.
ipheral unit number.
allation and Configuration Manager detec
INPUT/OUTPUT MANAGE
t/output system.
The i
lementation of drivers.
uration of drivers.
cess to hardware
PLUG AND PLAY MANAGE
tomatically detects
allocates resources
THE POWER MANAG
tem’s power usage.
ctricity u
(hibernation
physical memory
Standby Mode,
FILE SYSTEM
ganize
FA
File Allocation Table
S-DOS
AT16,
FAT3
oppy disks,
NT FILE SYSTE
File System (
TFS) is t
NTFS
curity, fault tolerance, encryption, disk compression
safety, reliability, extensibility
and efficiency.
Safe
Reliabilit
Extensibilit
Efficiency
Compressio
NTFS
File name
5 characters long.
Solid State Drive (SSD)
torage device
CD-RO
DVD
ompact Disc File System
CDFS),
DFS
Mac O
NIX systems
niversal Disk Format (UDF).
Blu-ray
STORAGE MANAGEME
drives,
ape drives a
etwork storag
AN (Storage Area Networks
iSCSI
(Internet Small Computer System Interface)
Interconnecting alloca
nked
le Map
dexed allocatio
blocks are free
e blocks
ORGANIZATION OF HARD DISK
Partitio
Volumes
S
epresenting sectors
ingle partiti
Multi-partition
RAID 5 v
Spanned Volu
disk fails,
AID 1 volume
AID 1 v
RAID 5 and RAID 6 v
parity data
Basic Disk
2. Dynamic Dis
xed size
STORING DATA ON SERVER
Networked computers
S
AN (Storage Area Network
iSC
iSCSI
LANs
Local Area Networks)
ANs
(Wide Area Networks
Data Storage
work support, altho
nput/outp
Windows AP
NETWORK SERVIC
Remote Acces
obtain
resources via a network c
tual Private Network (VPN)
Active Directory
manage a local network
indows Server operating
system
SOME NETWORK API
twork APIs
Windows Sockets
as TCP/IP.
Windows Sockets
etwork protocol used
Remote Procedure Ca
RPC) i
Named Pipe
ipe client
pipe server
buffer.
Mailslo
lients) c
Network API
3Com
NDIS (Network Driver Interface Specification),
Transport Driver Interface (TDI)
ansport D
ansport
bout adapters
rs
Data Confidentiality
Data Integrit
3. Access to the syst
Attacks from outsid
authorized access t
nauthorized changes to data in files. This a
Secure logi
Address space defen
Auditing of computer syste
Secure login
trl + Alt + Delete
not allowed.
attempts to log
ogin fail
resources
Security I
a SID (Security ID
curity Descriptor
Security Descriptor
Access to Object
FIDO
DEFENSE AGAINST SPYWAR
Spyware
Microsoft Anti Spyware,
Scanning
2. Real Time pr
rotectio
Real Time Protection
Active
VIRUS PROTECTI
Windows Defender included
indows Defender
THE FIREWALL IN WIND
indows XP Service Pack 2,
WINDOWS UPDAT
Many upgrades
utomatic updates,
system upgrade
WINDOWS CRASHE
HE BLUE SCRE
itical system failure.
ndows 3.11 (19
very extensive.
Storage failu
l Corruption).
Page Fault i
Poor or no power suppl
Error in memor
Errors in hardwar
ardw
USB pe
le system
ory Dump).
omplete
emory Dump
ernel Memory
mall Memory
Sys
ystem - Advanced System S
WORDLIS
Asynchronous I/O
Cac
Cache Manage
Context switchin
Critical Sectio
Device Drive
Executive Servic
Fibe
htweight thread.
Handle
Hardware Abstraction Lay
A hardware layer (HAL
Heap
Inter Process Communicatio
In
terrupt
J
Kerne
Kernel Mod
Mutual Exclusio
resource
Multitaskin
ead is
Object
operating system
system resourc
Paging
Proces
Windo
Processor Scheduling
Quantum
Registry
Schedule
rocess Scheduler,
Synchronizi
Synchronous I/O
Time
Thre
d
User Mo
Virtual Memor
Volume
d drive(s) o