ory of PC) ord processing, Web browsing, e-mail, spreadsheets, databases and computer game microprocessor MS-DO isk Operating Syste Windows 3 copies sold widespread Windows 9 improved version Windows nterne Windows Millenni multimedia WI WINDOWS 32-bit o arge memory and hard drives, indows 2000 ot i ome computers s XP omputers and workstations. indows Aero. unctionality a formanc icrosoft Metro. Windows 20 Plug and Play Windows opies sold Windows NT 10 WINDOWS SERV etwork cards and cable haring directories, disks and printe -mail and instant messaging functionalit network operating server ocal area network, Server 200 ctive Directory, resources local area network odernizing o premise a centers, workloads zure public cloud ano Server Container services torage, Security and Administration Hybrid Cloud, Security, Application Platform Hyper-Converged Infrastructure (HCI) ser applications a ystem software. end us ow-level communication ftware application hardware devi rogram code emporary storage emor olid-state drives, torage media nput/output keyboard, mouse and screen. cessor exe l unit imultaneously hard disk solid-state disk. put/output CENTRAL TASKS Managing user applications Manage data system Manage programs Take care put and output applications and hardware omputer memory e file system. networking Operating system Hardwar Hardware equipment ivers. Th loaded i Data security computer technology, WINDOWS AP API Application Program Interface CD, WriteFi data to a file. CreateProce process SetFoc bjec EndDialo dialog box -bit a 4-bit a Administration and managemen Diagnosi Graphics and multimedi Networ Security ystem services • Windows user interfa gram raphics and ultimedia s twork p Remote Procedure Call (RPC Network Management Protoc l (SNMP). NET FRAMEWOR APIs) an ibrary of cod Common Language Runtime CLR) #, C++, F# Visual Basic OBJECTS AND HANDLE imilar to bjects bject-oriented programming. objects, GDI Objects) a Kernel objects emory management, process execution and communication mes of system esources and data rotect resource eep track of dat ointer WINDOWS RUNS IN TWO MOD User Mod Kernel Mo ead ory of operating stem rogram a function is a piece of code in tine i rogram is run broutine Windows API f Native System Service Kernel functions • Windows service Dynamic Link Librarie ernel mod address f Dynamic Link Libraries (DLLs) UNICO CII ( erican Standard Code for Information Interchang ARCHITECTUR WINDOW Extensibility ransferabilit 3. Reliability and robustnes 4. Compatibili Performance Windows NT MS-DOS. STRUCTURE OF WINDO User Applications s er mode yste ernel mode evice drivers, the kernel and HAL. USER MO ritical alter data indows API KERNEL MOD hardware a system resources. Executive servic Drive Hardware Layer (HAL Graphical User Interface (GU WINDOWS E EXECUTIVE SERVICE toskrnl.exe Object Manager • Configuration Manager • Process and thread Manager • Input/output Manager • Installation and configuration Manager • Memory Manager • Cache Manage • Power Manage THE KERN rdware Layer (HAL) an he processo ernel. puter’s ernel has full access mory to emor ut/output ernel receives r put/output, evices ABSTRACTION LAYE L, DEVICE DRIVER mall programs igher level hardware devices File system drivers put/output t ter drivers pe ryption network transfer t Windows Driver Model (WDM) CI, PCMCIA and US ndows Driver Foundation (WDF) si (GUI) i YSTEM PROCESS dle Proces • Session Manager • Logon process • Windows Subsystem • Service control manage Idle Process In computer science ession Manage The indows Logon Process m trl + Alt + Delete. The ervice Control Manager is SYSTEM MECHANIS kernel mode wow64. INTERRUPT CD US nterrupts asynchronous event, Interrupt signals EXCEPTION conditions ivision by zero file a OBJECT MANAGE eturn handles to objects. Making andles t bject heck if bject Keeping track Delete objec 32-BIT APPLICATION A 64-BIT OPERATING SYSTE oW64 sub system is yer in bit 64-bit syste WoW64 DLLs t MECHANISM DATA MANAGEME THE REGISTR rarchical database t ious settings operating syste tem settings use plications installed o yout of Windows o different equipment. at boot time. oot Process). rnel Boot Process) ONFIGURATION MANAGE onfiguration Manager Proces tart a program Thre d unit of cod Fibe read, a ightweight Job group processes t PROCESS The static part • The dynamic part c part of eral threads. The ic part of a A process i ontainer memory w resources required address space con ecutable program unique process ID u e of the process. t time for the proc s of the process multiple hreads imultaneously locked wait state ea ady to be loaded xecuted in rocesso ead status. Process Descriptor. FIBER cheduling mechanis less suppo Process Thread Fiber cessor. JOB B b is an objec PROCESS MANAG processes and threads. parameters and characteristics ocesses and thread put and output. dresses in the memory MULTITASKIN Cooperative multitasking Preemptive multitasking. Clipboard ransfer data f pplication File Mappin anage the content Pipe ple model buffer. nonymous Pipes ynchroniz Threads that cooperate. Threads competing for a resource. HREADS COOPERATI THREADS COMPETIN messy print HeHillo r esource C RITICAL REGIO MUTUAL EXCLUSI synchronization SEMAPHO se hreads can access screen not in us One thread aphores. S eadlock. MUTE synchronization mechanism Semaphor zero and one utex a Keyed Event Spinlock • Fast Mutex Push locks Keyed Even annot read annot writ heck the event Spinloc inning) u Queued Spinlock ha Fast Mutex Guarded Mutex t Mutex a etter performa n bypass normal process Push locks indows Server 2003 little space ONE PROCESS Processor schedulin ead is finished, fo urce to continue, ve the processor vo erval i process planning erver in network ingle PC PC VOLUNTA INVOLUNTARY SHARING OF THE PROCESS Non-preemptive algorithms Preemptive algorithms NON-PREEMPTIVE llest job first Priority process Deadline process p is first p first stra Priority process scheduling m deadline process planning Round Rob Queues different priorities Foreground ackground processe nd Robin is t Quantum. • In any jobs react to events as quickly as f l-time systems is CONTEXT SWITCHI cessor is fini higher priority ha multiple registers UANT MS-DO multitasking, a process manager. reemptiv ority level of the thread ority class of the process LE_PRIORITY_CLA LA NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS REALTIME_PRIORITY_CLAS MULTIPLE PROCESSOR ne processor, omputer spee ncreased every year. good performan hreads MULTI-CORE PROCESSO Interconnected computer clusters of comput erating system, Master-Slave mod aster lave bottleneck, a Equivalent processor SMP (Symmetric Multi-Processing) Mutex MP, 4 MULTIPLE PROCESSORS SYNCHRONIZATIO Spi one processor, Time-sharin Space-sharin ang. timesharing lices together. pace-sharing nteractive tasks. MULTIPROCESSING ymmetric multiprocessing system SMP) 32 processors 64-bit versions 64 processors Hyper threadin Non-uniform Memory Access (NUM Hyper threadin NUMA systems NUMA DEADLOC read 1 esource t anner ttempting pting to access the scanner. DVD Deadlock in atabas loses some data oses some other data networ Communication deadlo Process B Starvation i deadlo tual exclusion cond ition old and wait condition Non-preemptive move the allocating resourc onditions deadlocks d remove th m estore through esources are allocated r conditions al exclusion co d and wait con -preemptive co ular wait tual exclusion c conditio non-preemptive c Driver Verifier i pinlocks MEMORY MANAGEMEN o free memory puter performance, dresses in SWAPPIN oaded in Flat Memory Paged Memory M Segmented Memory Flat Memory Model linear index mented Memory Model is ed Memory Model, b egmenting VIRTUAL MEMOR Memory (RAM) Hard driv age-by-page virtual memory t MEMORY MANAGEMENT I Demand-Paged Virtual Memory. This Cache Manager irtual addresses ap files Win32 Win64 mory Manager in est component in THE HEAP MANAG Dynamic memory allocatio free hea indows API fu HeapCreate STACK ortion of the memory ata structure. kernel sta ack. MB, 2 K CACHIN u t/output run temporary storage CACHE MANAGE ganization of emory Manager. INPUT AND OUTP memor uickly ow process eyboard AS disk SB4 anufacturers. ommunicatio Block Device • Character Devic Block Devices s ata in blocks Character Devices data as characters DATA STREAM Standard input Standard output Standard erro Detect errors 2. Correct mistake SYNCHRONOU ASYNCHRONOU eadLine() Synchronous I/O Asynchronous I/ BUFF POLLIN register to INTERRUPT terrupt system, t eripheral devices Direct Memory Access (DMA) i hardware subsystems ys in the memory, s ded into the memory o essary. IORB = Input Output Request Block A flag i data is located i mber of bytes to transfer. ipheral unit number. allation and Configuration Manager detec INPUT/OUTPUT MANAGE t/output system. The i lementation of drivers. uration of drivers. cess to hardware PLUG AND PLAY MANAGE tomatically detects allocates resources THE POWER MANAG tem’s power usage. ctricity u (hibernation physical memory Standby Mode, FILE SYSTEM ganize FA File Allocation Table S-DOS AT16, FAT3 oppy disks, NT FILE SYSTE File System ( TFS) is t NTFS curity, fault tolerance, encryption, disk compression safety, reliability, extensibility and efficiency. Safe Reliabilit Extensibilit Efficiency Compressio NTFS File name 5 characters long. Solid State Drive (SSD) torage device CD-RO DVD ompact Disc File System CDFS), DFS Mac O NIX systems niversal Disk Format (UDF). Blu-ray STORAGE MANAGEME drives, ape drives a etwork storag AN (Storage Area Networks iSCSI (Internet Small Computer System Interface) Interconnecting alloca nked le Map dexed allocatio blocks are free e blocks ORGANIZATION OF HARD DISK Partitio Volumes S epresenting sectors ingle partiti Multi-partition RAID 5 v Spanned Volu disk fails, AID 1 volume AID 1 v RAID 5 and RAID 6 v parity data Basic Disk 2. Dynamic Dis xed size STORING DATA ON SERVER Networked computers S AN (Storage Area Network iSC iSCSI LANs Local Area Networks) ANs (Wide Area Networks Data Storage work support, altho nput/outp Windows AP NETWORK SERVIC Remote Acces obtain resources via a network c tual Private Network (VPN) Active Directory manage a local network indows Server operating system SOME NETWORK API twork APIs Windows Sockets as TCP/IP. Windows Sockets etwork protocol used Remote Procedure Ca RPC) i Named Pipe ipe client pipe server buffer. Mailslo lients) c Network API 3Com NDIS (Network Driver Interface Specification), Transport Driver Interface (TDI) ansport D ansport bout adapters rs Data Confidentiality Data Integrit 3. Access to the syst Attacks from outsid authorized access t nauthorized changes to data in files. This a Secure logi Address space defen Auditing of computer syste Secure login trl + Alt + Delete not allowed. attempts to log ogin fail resources Security I a SID (Security ID curity Descriptor Security Descriptor Access to Object FIDO DEFENSE AGAINST SPYWAR Spyware Microsoft Anti Spyware, Scanning 2. Real Time pr rotectio Real Time Protection Active VIRUS PROTECTI Windows Defender included indows Defender THE FIREWALL IN WIND indows XP Service Pack 2, WINDOWS UPDAT Many upgrades utomatic updates, system upgrade WINDOWS CRASHE HE BLUE SCRE itical system failure. ndows 3.11 (19 very extensive. Storage failu l Corruption). Page Fault i Poor or no power suppl Error in memor Errors in hardwar ardw USB pe le system ory Dump). omplete emory Dump ernel Memory mall Memory Sys ystem - Advanced System S WORDLIS Asynchronous I/O Cac Cache Manage Context switchin Critical Sectio Device Drive Executive Servic Fibe htweight thread. Handle Hardware Abstraction Lay A hardware layer (HAL Heap Inter Process Communicatio In terrupt J Kerne Kernel Mod Mutual Exclusio resource Multitaskin ead is Object operating system system resourc Paging Proces Windo Processor Scheduling Quantum Registry Schedule rocess Scheduler, Synchronizi Synchronous I/O Time Thre d User Mo Virtual Memor Volume d drive(s) o